Curbed LA - Los Angeles Olympics newsLove where you live2018-06-07T10:45:02-07:00http://la.curbed.com/rss/stream/123612692018-06-07T10:45:02-07:002018-06-07T10:45:02-07:00The Olympics fixed LA’s traffic once—can the 2028 games do it permanently?
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<figcaption>Gold medal-winning track star Edwin Moses waves an American flag as he arrives at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Athletes, spectators, news media, and Olympic staff all got around LA in 1984 using a temporary, custom-designed bus rapid transit system. | AP Photo/Doug Pizac</figcaption>
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<p>Transportation solutions deployed for the 1984 Summer Olympics are even more relevant today</p> <p class="p--has-dropcap p-large-text" id="sYg9pa">Ask Angelenos for their most vivid memories of the 1984 Summer Olympics and they’ll likely all tell you the same thing: There was no traffic.</p>
<p id="dbZJBA">As locals stared down the date of the opening ceremonies with trepidation—their fears stoked by <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/03/sports/traffic-woes-haunt-olympics.html">predictions</a> of spectators abandoning their motionless cars on freeway off-ramps—everyone was so spooked about the games’ potential to create instant gridlock that they skipped town. </p>
<p id="npHhpE">The narrative of thousands of natives fleeing their homes was the only possible explanation for why LA’s roads remained miraculously unclogged, even with the addition of more than 650,000 visiting athletes and spectators.</p>
<p id="VD95Kp">But that’s not what actually happened, says Wayne Wilson, retired vice president of education services at the LA84 Foundation, the nonprofit created by the endowment from the 1984 games.</p>
<p id="ZBB9t2">“Contrary to popular belief, the number of cars remained about the same, but the flow of vehicles was dispersed over a wider range of hours,” he says.</p>
<p id="3RyalG">By the end of the second week, congestion was still far below a normal August work week, but perhaps even more amazingly, the freeways were carrying 11 percent <em>more</em> vehicles.</p>
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<p id="y9VrvR">LA is well-known for its “<a href="https://www.curbed.com/2018/5/17/17359086/olympics-2028-los-angeles-1984">spartan design</a>,” which produced the first budget-friendly, profit-generating games of the modern age, but the 1984 Olympics were also groundbreaking for the way they used the city as a proving ground for new transportation technology solutions. </p>
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<p id="uyoAvL">For 16 days, a city with a global reputation for traffic, freeways, and smog was transformed into a more efficient, accessible, healthy community.</p>
<p id="sUhlaK">The games were powered by revolutionary real-time traffic information, an ambitious new strategy to make deliveries, a built-from-scratch bus rapid transit system, and a plea for employers to institute flex work hours.</p>
<p id="139i2S">While not every element of the 1984 Olympics was <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/want-understand-1992-la-riots-start-1984-la-olympics/">spared criticism</a>, even detractors agreed that its transportation strategy was one of its biggest successes. Three decades later, it still provides important lessons for the city’s future.</p>
<p id="7MTdYA">With the games <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/11/15951094/la-olympics-2024-paris-2028-both-games-ioc-award">coming back to LA</a> in the summer of 2028, the city has already initiated a larger conversation about moving visitors, residents, and goods around the city more intelligently, efficiently, and sustainably. </p>
<p id="vysjIX">The decade of lead time for the Olympics provides a reasonable framework for making big changes to the way the city works, like Twenty-Eight by ’28, a Metro initiative to <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2018/1/25/16931052/transit-projects-olympics-28-approved">speed up 28 transit projects</a> in time for the games.</p>
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<cite><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/metrolibraryarchive/">Metro Transportation Research Library & Archive</a></cite>
<figcaption>One of the major successes of the 1984 Summer Olympics was a temporary transit system with service to 17 venues across the region.</figcaption>
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<p id="4Bm1Pz">But LA needs to think bigger than a few rail lines. By the time the games return to LA in 2028, the population of Los Angeles County will likely be <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2018/2/9/16993228/olympics-los-angeles-1984-photos">double what it was in 1984</a>. About 48 million people came to LA as tourists last year, a record that has been <a href="https://www.lamayor.org/mayor-garcetti-announces-record-breaking-year-la-economy-0">broken seven years in a row</a>. Beyond the games, LA needs to deploy even smarter ways to move people every day.</p>
<p id="Mhjffr">It’s time to take a look at what worked so well 34 years ago and see what urban-scale solutions can be replicated a decade from now. But hey—why wait?</p>
<h4 id="iPEfwQ">A bus network that works</h4>
<p id="WBTEIg">When LA was awarded the games in 1978, it was the first city to host the modern Summer Olympics without a rail network—consider that the first time LA hosted the games, in 1932, it still had a thriving streetcar system<strong> </strong>that had been <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/9/20/16340038/los-angeles-streetcar-conspiracy-theory-transit-myth-general-motors">completely dismantled by the 1960s</a>. In 1980, voters approved Proposition A, a sales-tax increase to fund a rail system, but the Blue Line would not break ground until 1985.</p>
<p id="yYx2YO">Concerns about traffic consumed planning conversations, says Rich Perelman, the press director for the organizing committee, but not in the way you might think.</p>
<p id="DSFgxO">“We were more worried about athletes getting stuck in traffic on a freeway and not getting to their venue,” says Perelman. “And if they missed it—what would be our response to the news media about it?”</p>
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<cite><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/metrolibraryarchive/">Metro Transportation Research Library & Archive</a></cite>
<figcaption>Maps of Olympics bus routes around venues, like this one of Downtown, were mailed out with tickets so spectators could plan ahead. </figcaption>
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<p id="nE4Yfu">The solution<strong> </strong>was clear: Make sure no one got stuck in traffic.</p>
<p id="zYwdY3">Southern California didn’t have a subway, but it did have the Rapid Transit District, a very robust bus system. Engineers planned customized routes based on the attendance trips of residents (who would make up the majority of spectators).</p>
<p id="rhPHbm">In an extraordinary regional cooperation effort, a total of 550 buses were borrowed from local agencies to create a temporary transit system of venue-to-venue shuttles, express buses, and park-and-ride lots. </p>
<p id="glNYaN">To encourage ridership, the organizing committee created <a href="https://www.amazon.com/1984-Angeles-Olympics-Transit-Token/dp/B004PZG974?tag=curbed-20" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank">commemorative Rapid Transit District tokens</a>, and <a href="http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/olympics/1984/1984-rtd-bus-service-guide-to-the-1984-olympics.pdf">route maps were mailed</a> with tickets. Ads around the city encouraged everyone to “take the bus to the games.”</p>
<p id="fqbhCG">The system’s big test was “Black Friday”—August 3, 1984—when two different crowds of 90,000 would need to watch track and field events at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, on top of other major events nearby, including a baseball game at <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/3/28/14902164/dodger-stadium-seating-parking">Dodger Stadium</a>. To handle the crush, temporary stations were created in <a href="https://la.curbed.com/maps/map-exposition-park-coliseum-museum-rose-garden-attractions">Exposition Park</a> that could load and unload 50 buses at a time.</p>
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<cite>AP Photo/Reed Saxon</cite>
<figcaption>A school bus, one of the 900 employed during the Olympics to transport athletes, coaches, and reporters, arrives at the Coliseum in time for the opening ceremonies.</figcaption>
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<p id="7tGOBT">For extra insurance, athletes, news media, and “Olympic family” actually traveled using a separate and more flexible transportation network of 900 rebranded school buses—a microtransit system, if you will—for almost a month, as they needed to get to 20 separate training sites for a full two weeks prior to the games.</p>
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<cite><em>Design Quarterly</em> courtesy Sussman/Prejza</cite>
<figcaption>Bus stations at each Olympic venue were custom-designed to accommodate the expected number of attendees and where they might be coming from.</figcaption>
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<p id="C4cJQu">LA’s Olympic bus network prepared for 3.5 million boardings. In the end, ridership was actually much lower than projected at 1.1 million, which may have contributed to the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ddrOt6-L1Y">smooth, uncrowded rides</a>. The <a href="http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/olympics/1984/1984-scrtd-evaluation-of-transit-services-for-1984-olympic-games.pdf">official report</a> attributes the disparity in ridership to planning for events to be at full capacity, when in actuality there were many ticket holders who were no-shows. (Flakers gonna flake.)</p>
<p id="gmzTvZ">Still, more than one out of five spectators used the buses—about 7 percent of LA’s population regularly rode transit at the time—accomplishing some pretty impressive urban geometry. All transit, including the Rapid Transit District’s regular service, reduced daily vehicle-miles traveled by 20 percent during the games. Bus ridership reduced congestion as much as 25 percent on some streets. </p>
<p id="wvIXcA">As Metro, the Rapid Transit District’s successor, embarks upon a plan to <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2018/4/9/17202902/metro-los-angeles-bus-improvements-ridership">redesign its entire bus network</a> and <a href="https://la.streetsblog.org/2018/03/29/ladot-proposes-expanded-transit-service-including-expanding-dash-and-microtransit-pilot/">the city’s transportation department pilots its microtransit program</a>, the coming Olympics creates a great opportunity to experiment with buses. After all, the hugely successful “freeway express service” during the 1984 games was essentially just a bus that traveled on dedicated freeway lanes, including some bus-only on- and off-ramps, much like the Silver Line does today.</p>
<p id="6Lel5z">Inspired by the nimbleness of 1984, LA can start testing bus-only lanes with nothing more than colorful paint and temporary signs, using cleverly branded buses—<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/9/9/12824240/self-driving-cars-plan-los-angeles">perhaps automated ones</a>—to shuttle down the newly dedicated lanes. By the time the Olympics roll around, the buses could be a fast, efficient complement to the city’s mature rail system. Collect all 28 commemorative TAP cards?</p>
<h4 id="KQJkAA">Smarter ways to make deliveries</h4>
<p id="00nwRD">While LA had created pop-up transportation systems for special events before the Olympics, changing the movement of goods during the games was like nothing the city had ever attempted. Venue hubs needed a way to reliably replenish supplies—namely in the form of concessions—while other streets needed to remain free from deliveries during commute times. </p>
<p id="2nPdOF">Plus, all this had to happen in a way that didn’t interrupt freight funneling from the Port of LA—the largest port in the United States.</p>
<p id="qMOLd2">The plan was simple but fraught with potential roadblocks: Make deliveries at night.</p>
<p id="nXmuno">“Operation Breezeway” proposed that all deliveries be made before 10 a.m. or wait until after dark. An LA city ordinance was changed to allow companies to make deliveries before 7 a.m., and a special state law permitted the delivery of alcoholic beverages at night. The plan also included negotiating with local Teamsters to shift trucking routes, stockpile some goods ahead of time, and adjust worker schedules.</p>
<p id="TZj1w7">The impact was immediate and immense. With no trucks on freeways during daytime hours, and no deliveries being made in business districts that might slow traffic during peak drive time, other vehicles could move more seamlessly in the same lanes. Truck crashes, which are often far more disruptive than car crashes, dropped by 67 percent,<strong> </strong>according to the games’ official report.</p>
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<cite>AP Photo/Craig Mathew</cite>
<figcaption>Flowers being planted in Olympic rings along the Hollywood Freeway, just before the games in 1984. During the games, trucks were only allowed on freeways before 10 a.m. and after sunset.</figcaption>
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<p id="qRZnC4">This part of the Olympics transportation plan proved so popular that, in 1987, there was a countywide proposal to <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/1987-09-28/local/me-6948_1_rush-hours">revive the rush-hour ban</a> on deliveries.</p>
<p id="TX601I">“Everyone recalls how marvelous it was when for two weeks the freeways and streets worked, and they want to go back to lessons learned then to solve our increasingly serious congestion,” Los Angeles County Transportation Commission manager Ginger Gherardi told the <em>Los Angeles Times</em>.</p>
<p id="SCbVS4">The plan to permanently alter the way the region transports goods was blocked by trucking associations, which argued that forcing deliveries to off-peak hours permanently would eat into their profits. </p>
<p id="79UxKm">But the Port of LA—which moved more cargo last year than any port in the Western Hemisphere in history—has since implemented a program along these same lines, says David Pettit, senior attorney for the National Resources Defense Council. As part of the port’s bigger sustainability efforts, the <a href="https://www.pierpass.org/">Pierpass program</a> incentivizes freight companies to move cargo at off-peak hours. </p>
<p id="Wq5Lvy">An even bigger goal to shoot for in 2028 is to completely electrify deliveries, and power it all—even the trucks—with renewable energy, says Pettit. </p>
<p id="7QnG4T">“Is it possible to achieve zero-emission freight movement by 2028? Absolutely,” he says. “A lot of manufacturers are doing demonstration projects at the port right now.”</p>
<p id="Dg1m3M">Lightweight electric trucks also might allow more deliveries to slip into the off-peak hours, as these vehicles will cut back on noise—a concern from people who might live close to businesses. Labor remains the biggest challenge, says Pettit, as workers would still have to switch to night shifts and figure out how to secure locations.</p>
<p id="fz5UOv">LA’s Clean Tech Incubator recently announced a <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180529006088/en/LACI-Launches-Landmark-Partnership-Accelerate-Regional-Transportation">2028 Zero Emissions Roadmap</a>, a partnership with Metro, the mayor’s office, the California Air Resources Board, and such major utilities as Southern California Edison and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The idea is to use the Olympics as a goal for having zero-emissions transportation systems regionally and zero-emissions goods movement statewide. </p>
<p id="fSXdrC">A solar-powered goods movement would make the <a href="https://www.olympic.org/la-2028">2028 games tagline</a> particularly relevant—“follow the sun.”</p>
<h4 id="PmHQZc">Preventing traffic in real time</h4>
<p id="7sPDkF">As “Black Friday” loomed, it became clear that the city needed new tools to fully monitor its constantly changing traffic conditions and deploy swift changes as needed. The city of LA began work on implementing a then-revolutionary technology that would forever transform its relationship to its vehicles.</p>
<p id="BiiKgU">Before the games, 120 intersections around <a href="https://la.curbed.com/maps/map-exposition-park-coliseum-museum-rose-garden-attractions">Exposition Park</a> were equipped with new traffic signals that could be controlled from a remote location. Paired with a closed-circuit-television monitoring system that allowed engineers to keep visual tabs on vehicular congestion, the city could take instant action to clear crashes or dispatch emergency vehicles.</p>
<p id="G0gT4L">In addition, 42 miles of freeway were outfitted with sensors and cameras, which garnered plenty of “<a href="http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/olympics/1984/1983-0206-laheraldexaminer-how-caltrans-plans-to-keep-olympic-wheels-spinning.pdf">Big Brother</a>” references (it was, after all, 1984). But surveillance was key to response time. </p>
<p id="5E8QqS">“The television cameras can save from two to 10 additional minutes and allow us the ability to immediately dispatch what we need to the scene of the incident—paramedics, repair trucks, fire equipment, California Highway Patrol officers,” Chuck O’Connell, chief of Caltrans’s traffic operations systems, <a href="http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/olympics/1984/1983-0206-laheraldexaminer-how-caltrans-plans-to-keep-olympic-wheels-spinning.pdf">told the <em>Los Angeles Herald Examiner</em></a><em>. </em></p>
<p id="OdEndt">This pilot project became LA’s Automated Traffic Surveillance and Control, or <a href="http://trafficinfo.lacity.org/about-atsac.php">ATSAC</a>, the “most successful and enduring” innovation of the games, says Matthew Barrett of Metro’s Transportation Research Library and Archive. </p>
<p id="fnGITU">“It became a regular full-blown city service, and today’s ATSAC system monitors and modifies 4,600 intersections,” he said.</p>
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<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>A bus carrying athletes travels down the 10 freeway during the games. In addition to sensors, giant digital signs were installed on major roads to relay messages to motorists.</figcaption>
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<p id="2T75l4">Like a full-scale <em>SimCity</em> played from a bunker beneath Downtown, ATSAC has been credited with reducing travel times as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Its functions came in particularly handy after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, as the city needed to quickly adjust traffic flow to compensate for the loss of several freeways. More recently, ATSAC added a software component that allows it to give buses and light-rail trains signal prioritization.</p>
<p id="4VlNjR">Now, of course, LA also has Waze, a kind of public-facing ATSAC, which has a <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2015/4/22/9968052/waze-app-and-la-partnering-to-bring-drivers-a-smoother-commute">partnership with the city</a> to supplement its real-time traffic data collection. In addition to 4,600 signals, the vehicles of four million Waze-using Angelenos track conditions on LA streets. </p>
<p id="5juGwR">Waze and Google Maps have recently started adding festivals and other street closures to their real-time data offerings, making them excellent end-to-end trip-planning tools for special events.</p>
<p id="p4XnNh">Building upon ATSAC’s legacy, the city could make all this data transparent by leading the development of a single app where Angelenos could not only monitor congested routes, but also plan, reserve, and pay for smarter options—think of it like getting a discount to ride bike share during busy traffic times—with a few taps on a smartphone. (Or a smartwatch? Smartring? Whatever the kids will be using in 10 years.) </p>
<p id="jFTteb">Like the city’s <a href="https://insights.conduent.com/conduent/go-la-commute-smarter-in-los-angeles">no-longer-supported GoLA app</a>, or other<a href="https://maas.global"> Mobility as a Service apps</a> in development, the LA28 app could integrate real-time trip data with a schedule of Olympic events that could book a seat at the fencing finals, plan an itinerary, and even ping you when it’s time to leave.</p>
<h4 id="GSIBSq">Incentivizing a better commute</h4>
<p id="y1yKJ2">With roads cleared for Olympic activities, the organizing committee confronted a final challenge—helping the rest of LA get to their workplaces. A campaign was launched for Angelenos to make their own transportation plans during the games: strategizing with their employers about how to reduce their commuting impact. </p>
<p id="K4tQjr">This meant carpooling, staggering start times, avoiding scheduling meetings that would require traveling at peak hours, finding a place to work remotely, or, for some, staying at home. Government employees, for example, were asked to work compressed work weeks, with four nine-hour days. And a state holiday, Admission’s Day, was moved to the second Monday of the games, giving employers another easy out to give workers the day off.</p>
<p id="nD8uWS">The reach for this campaign was especially impressive when considering that all of this was done before social media. The organizing committee worked directly with big local corporations, many of whom were sponsoring the games in some capacity, to get them onboard.</p>
<p id="356fJs">Commuter Computer, a ridesharing program that helped workers carpool during the games, distributed 10,000 information packets with venue maps, street closures and strategies for working remotely to local employers. There was even a road show—a mobile home outfitted with all this information made 41 stops across the county to get Angelenos to plan ahead.</p>
<p id="q4TzbX">Celebrities including Lou Rawls, Bob Hope, and Phyllis Diller <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRIyFIe46Oo">taped PSAs</a> asking Angelenos to do their part to cut back on peak-hour car trips, in the spirit of the games. Transportation officials seemed to pass down this bit of institutional knowledge when they <a href="https://www.thecut.com/2017/10/i-think-about-the-celebrity-tweets-of-carmageddon-a-lot.html">tapped celebrities to create social media posts</a> about <a href="https://la.curbed.com/tag/carmageddon">Carmageddon</a>, the potentially paralyzing 405 freeway construction project on a summer weekend in 2011 (which also ended up being no big deal).</p>
<p id="5yzuO0">The plan got a splashy, if not entirely prescient, preview in <a href="http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/olympics/1984/1984-07-masstransit-la-trying-to-head-off-olympic-size-traffic-jam.pdf"><em>Mass Transit</em> magazine</a>. </p>
<p id="kx11d0">“The games are giving the Los Angeles business community a chance to look at what traffic may be like 15 or 20 years from now,” Commuter Computer president Tad Widby told <em>Mass Transit</em>.</p>
<p id="T0N48H">What’s most impressive is that these recommendations were just that—recommendations. Many workers could not flex hours and had to commute to their jobs during peak times just the same. Yet the voluntary, temporary behavioral shifts that some workers made created outsize impacts.<strong> </strong></p>
<p id="HF3NJP">Surely if Angelenos could pull off such a Olympic-level stunt, they could also manage to make some sacrifices during the typical Thursday night rush hour?</p>
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<cite>AP Photo</cite>
<figcaption>Traffic was so light, commuters might not even have had time to fully appreciate the <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2014/8/8/10062534/las-olympic-freeway-murals-halfgone-but-not-forgotten">freeway murals</a> added for the games, like John Wehrle’s “Galileo, Jupiter, Apollo” on the 101. </figcaption>
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<p id="wTu4jQ">A <a href="http://www.its.uci.edu/its/publications/papers/ITS/UCI-ITS-WP-87-1.pdf">1987 study by the University of California Irvine’s Institute of Transportation Studies</a> poised this very question and concluded that the answer was no—or at least, not without incentives. The benefits seen during those 16 days were “unique and short term,” wrote study author Genevieve Giuilano. “Under ordinary circumstances, incentives do not exist to induce changes of the magnitude observed during the Olympics.”</p>
<p id="mXVl4U">Workplace incentives might include employers buying transit passes, subsidizing carpool costs, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/6/27/5849280/why-free-parking-is-bad-for-everyone">charging more for parking cars at work</a>, or simply paying employees to work at home. But major behavioral shifts likely won’t happen voluntarily, and we probably won’t see them again until 2028, says Martin Wachs, a professor at UCLA’s urban planning department. </p>
<p id="HcDVYe">“By appealing to people’s civic pride, you can do anything for two weeks,” he says.</p>
<p id="LDmWG3">And while some employers today might allow more flexible schedules—many of LA’s government offices now require workers to take every other Friday off—telecommuting hasn’t really caught on in the last few decades, even as many job requirements can be accomplished anywhere due to the internet. </p>
<p id="YN9Zbd">It’s something that Wachs doesn’t think will have changed much 10 years from now. </p>
<p id="ZSTgF7">“The national trend toward working at home has continued, but it’s still a very small proportion of the workforce,” he says.</p>
<h4 id="XIVhSj">Turning road closures into open streets</h4>
<p id="xm5d2W">As part of the 1984 games, LA witnessed an ever-changing array of street closures as part of programming—the city’s roads hosted marathons, cycling races, and ceremonial events like the torch relay. Additionally, many streets around major hubs at Expo Park and Westwood were closed, and others were temporarily turned one-way to improve traffic flow, a few of which in Downtown remain one-way to this day. </p>
<p id="e3nBOM">Security was also a concern. During the 1984 games, a <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/07/29/driver-hits-la-crowd-killing-1-injuring-54/114e506f-b225-479c-bfef-7cd3faaac72f/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.02bd815cde5b">21-year-old man drove onto a sidewalk in Westwood</a>, killing one person and injuring 54 others, although police said it had nothing to do with the Olympics themselves. While it’s likely that in 2028 we’ll see many more streets heavily barricaded due to worries about vehicular terrorism, there’s another very good reason to close more of LA’s streets to vehicles. </p>
<p id="Okv9b2">Earlier this year, a <a href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/2020-olympics-could-paralyse-tokyos-famed-subway-study-070031600.html">study predicted</a> that Tokyo’s subway system, known as the world’s best, will be overwhelmed by demand at the 2020 summer games. Here in LA, Metro’s mounting a big expansion, and has plenty of experience <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/1/24/14374876/metro-ridership-womens-march-los-angeles-crowds/comment/413484813">managing large events</a> like concerts and marches. But to make the flow of Olympic traffic even more seamless, the city can provide even more high-capacity options for getting around.</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fNhaWRTEkz3cTjecqhftS9Pbs7k=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/11494551/e24125744347913282e3d4a38c2bdc9d.jpg">
<cite><em>Design Quarterly</em> courtesy of Sussman/Prejza</cite>
<figcaption>Streets were pedestrianized around major Olympic hubs in 1984 for security reasons and to keep vehicles moving around congested areas.</figcaption>
</figure>
<p id="PmE7G8">The bus-only lanes at the 1984 Olympics moved 17,500 people per hour in just two lanes. By<strong> </strong>comparison, in normal use, two lanes of mixed traffic can carry around 3,000 to 5,000 people per hour. A combination of <a href="https://nacto.org/publication/transit-street-design-guide/introduction/why/designing-move-people/">biking and walking lanes</a> could carry anywhere from 7,500 to 9,000 people per lane, something that’s easily demonstrated at CicLAvia.</p>
<p id="sAgPZ8">Figueroa, as it passes through Downtown, is an excellent candidate to be made car-free, as it will have already undergone its <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/10/24/13375424/my-figueroa-bike-friendly-complete-street-pedestrian">complete streets makeover</a>, and creates a route that connects several major venues. </p>
<p id="P78gI4">Closing Figueroa completely to cars would allow many more people to move easily among the greatest concentration of venues without relying on the potential bottlenecks of cars, buses, and trains. Another east-west street could serve the same purpose. Olympic Boulevard, perhaps.</p>
<p id="6A9cfD">For the LA Philharmonic’s 100th anniversary this fall, <a href="http://www.ciclavia.org">CicLAvia</a> is working on a twist of its traditional open-streets event—it will be more like an arts and music festival, with performances all along the route. It sounds a lot like 1984’s <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/02/theater/olympic-arts-festival-opens-in-la.html">Olympic Arts Festival</a>, which, the <em>New York Times</em> notes, delivered “400 performances by 145 theater, dance and music companies, representing every continent and 18 countries.”</p>
<p id="hvej1G">Imagine a different CicLAvia route every day of the games, each scheduling performers to routes that cross through their corresponding ethnic enclaves or landmarks. This would would be an incredible way to activate these neighborhoods and bring a bit of Olympic action to where people already live. </p>
<p id="KIqg7l">True to the athletic spirit of the games, open streets will also provide a way to get around like an Olympian. Bike-share hubs could be situated along the routes, offering plenty of active options for point-to-point transportation. (Or <a href="https://www.curbed.com/word-on-the-street/2018/5/3/17312390/transportation-scooters-bird-spin-lime-san-francisco#473964449">dockless scooters</a>—or hoverboards?) Skateboarding will be an official Olympic sport starting in 2020, and streets could host pop-up skateparks. </p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Gj6EcYlDq3YvUaNhakaC_Uio_38=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/11494005/kt1z09q87z_d3e2329.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy of Mission Viejo Library</cite>
<figcaption>Mission Viejo residents walk and bike on the 1984 Summer Olympics cycling road race course in a kind of pre-CicLAvia open-streets event.</figcaption>
</figure>
<p id="dQyFX0">“Given so many challenges in urban communities—including safe passage, lack of park space, and so much more—temporarily closing streets is brilliant,” says Renata Simril, president and CEO of the LA84 Foundation.</p>
<p id="JWu3LD">The foundation has some experience in this department. Last summer, the foundation shut down the street adjacent to its West Adams headquarters to <a href="https://la84.org/la84-city-council-president-wesson-launch-street-soccer-usa-la/">launch a street soccer program</a>.</p>
<p id="4vN0PY">In 1984, even with the unpredictable conditions for drivers and increased pedestrian activity, there was a 16 percent decline in all vehicular crashes during the Olympics. Most significantly, air quality improved, with a 14 percent decline in ozone level concentrations throughout the LA basin. </p>
<p id="0c7DOa">Since so many of the city’s streets will be used in different ways already, and <a href="https://www.curbed.com/2017/2/6/13428414/car-buying-electric-vehicles-uber-lyft">car ownership will almost certainly be on the decline</a>, this is the perfect opportunity to try putting the entire city on a <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/10/25/16528864/road-diets-los-angeles-vision-zero">road diet</a>—and make the city safer and healthier overall in the process.</p>
<p id="GDH4Po">While still basking in the Olympics afterglow, the Southern California Association of Governments produced a report titled “<a href="http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/olympics/1984/1986-scag-olympics-legacy-lets-keep-it-moving-transpo-policy-recommendations.pdf">The Olympics Legacy—Let’s Keep it Moving</a>” in 1985, meant to build upon the lessons learned from the games. “Los Angeles is going to stall and strangle on its own exhaust fumes unless people work together to change the way they live and drive,” reads the introduction.</p>
<p id="nBqEPe">The <a href="http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/olympics/1984/1986-scag-olympics-legacy-lets-keep-it-moving-transpo-policy-recommendations.pdf">report</a> contains a film, 13 policy points, and an action plan—none of which the city followed, and all of which are still urgently relevant. There’s no reason to wait 10 years to try again.</p>
<p id="2SSqUQ"><small><em>Casey Wasserman, who is chair of LA 2028’s organizing committee, is also a board member at Vox Media, Curbed’s parent company. Vox Media board members have no involvement in Curbed’s editorial planning or execution.</em></small></p>
<aside id="WPkAz7"><div data-anthem-component="newsletter" data-anthem-component-data='{"slug":"la-curbed"}'></div></aside>
https://la.curbed.com/2018/6/7/17419270/olympics-2028-los-angeles-1984-trafficAlissa Walker2018-02-12T16:50:18-08:002018-02-12T16:50:18-08:00The most anticipated transit projects opening in time for the 2028 LA Olympics
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/kbReXJh0v36zbwawgVA6XBzAdQo=/200x0:1400x900/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/56060351/Los_20Angeles_20MetroRail_20__20Comparison.0.0.gif" />
<figcaption>By <a href="https://www.instagram.com/adamglinder/">Adam Linder</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>From the subway extension to the Westside to a people mover at LAX</p> <p id="HgSPiZ">When Los Angeles hosts the <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiPuLK_pb7VAhUO2WMKHb78AggQFggmMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fla.curbed.com%2Flos-angeles-olympics&usg=AFQjCNGCwxt5hcqLjCNH7lyxrxtCJSVoLA">2028 Olympic games</a>, visitors from around the world will find that they can ride the train to LAX, hop aboard the subway to <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwirqpP-pL7VAhUC62MKHRyHCHEQFggmMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fla.curbed.com%2F2015%2F5%2F12%2F9962500%2Fthe-story-of-chris-burdens-urban-light-los-angeless-first-great&usg=AFQjCNGixPfan40HsZ0zvqGJeVBd0UI8bw">Urban Light</a>, and cruise straight from <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/892/santa-monica">Santa Monica</a> to East Los Angeles via light rail. </p>
<p id="OBzLw8">Flush with cash from <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiHk9-asb7VAhXmxFQKHarmCdcQFggvMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fla.curbed.com%2F2016%2F11%2F9%2F13573924%2Fmeasure-m-los-angeles-public-transit-results&usg=AFQjCNHx4nJQftn3zW1Ygc9qiZG_SNefxw">Measure M</a>, the voter-approved half-cent sales tax, Metro will expand the transit network so much during the next decade that Los Angeles may very well boast the nation’s second most extensive rail system—second only to New York. </p>
<p id="M98myN">“The Olympics didn’t create our transportation revolution, but the revolution is readying us for a successful Olympics,” Metro spokeswoman Kim Upton tells Curbed.</p>
<p id="ojJoCw">Dozens of other infrastructure improvements are also in the works, all in a quest to give Angelenos and tourists more public transit options so they don’t have to take the freeway. </p>
<p id="malfZJ">Below, we highlight the biggest public transportation projects anticipated to open in the next 11 years. The Olympics are a big deal not just for LA but for the entire host country, and Upton says it’s possible that more state or federal funding will trickle down to speed up construction on even more projects than those listed here. Scroll on:</p>
<h3 id="7bhFha"><a href="https://la.curbed.com/purple-line-extension"><strong>The Westside subway extension</strong></a></h3>
<p id="pgozXd">By 2028, Metro plans to operate rapid, heavy-rail service beneath most of Wilshire Boulevard, extending the subway nine-miles from its current terminus at Western Avenue, all the way to the VA hospital, west of the 405 freeway. Originally mapped out in the 1980s, construction for <a href="https://la.curbed.com/purple-line-extension">Westside Subway</a> was snarled by <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/8/15/12484596/metro-purple-line-extension-beats-latest-lawsuit">litigation</a> and <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2012/4/13/10379720/eighties-subwaystaller-henry-waxman-enters-purple-line-fray">legislation</a>. Once complete, it promises a 25-minute ride between <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/754/downtown">Downtown LA</a> and <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/906/westwood">Westwood</a>. </p>
<p id="UUVRAB">Metro plans to open the subway in two phases. The first, which will add subway stops to the intersections of Wilshire Boulevard and La Brea, Fairfax and La Cienega, is under construction now. Before Measure M passed, Metro anticipated this section would open by 2023. But, the extra cash means this date will likely be much sooner. Under the <a href="http://theplan.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/measurem_ordinance_16-01.pdf">Measure M expenditure plan</a>, Metro anticipates the second portion of tracks should be operational by 2027 at the latest, adding subway stations to Wilshire/Rodeo (drive in Beverly Hills), Century City, Westwood, and the VA Hospital.</p>
<h3 id="lV1XKN"><a href="https://la.curbed.com/crenshaw-line"><strong>The Crenshaw Line</strong></a></h3>
<div id="M82tcz"><div style="left: 0; width: 100%; height: 0; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.2493%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MGi7koC4nCo?rel=0&" style="border: 0; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute;" allowfullscreen="" scrolling="no"></iframe></div></div>
<p id="zzgLPE">Connecting the Expo Line to the Green Line, the <a href="https://la.curbed.com/crenshaw-line">8.5-mile Crenshaw Line</a> will add light rail service south from the Expo/Crenshaw Station through <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/781/leimert-park">Leimert Park</a>, Crenshaw, <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/827/inglewood">Inglewood</a>, and portions of unincorporated (but densely populated) Los Angeles County. Construction on the Crenshaw Line is blistering along, and Metro anticipates a fall 2019 opening date. </p>
<p id="Es9MeJ">Though not at first, the Crenshaw Line will eventually be the vehicle by which Angelenos will connect to LAX by train. By 2024, Metro will have added a station near 96th Street/Aviation Boulevard that will connect to the LAX Automated People Mover, allowing easy, car-free transportation to and from our beloved and bemoaned airport.</p>
<h3 id="So7Zpu"><a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/2/8/10940632/take-a-look-at-the-future-of-transportation-at-lax"><strong>The LAX automated people mover</strong></a></h3>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="LAMP People Mover" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nl822E-ZkyZ_0-a-LFWwKWWeAe8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/6433009/LAMP%20people%20mover.jpg">
<cite><a class="ql-link" href="http://www.connectinglax.com/solution.html" target="_blank">Connecting LAX</a></cite>
</figure>
<p id="Jba8DW">With an anticipated 2023 opening date, the <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/2/8/10940632/take-a-look-at-the-future-of-transportation-at-lax">LAX Automated People Mover</a> will mean Angelenos will finally be able to take the train to the airport. Once open, the people mover will serve a station on the Crenshaw and Green Lines, connecting them to the broader Metro rail network. </p>
<p id="GgRJBU">“It’s an important program for people Angelenos and people visiting L.A. alike, far beyond just the Olympics,” said Mark Waier, the director of communications for Los Angeles World Airports. “It will relieve congestion in and around the airport. And, we are doing it with a timeline that will deliver it well before the Olympics in 2028.”</p>
<p id="LBrmUg">That said, the <a href="http://thesource.metro.net/2017/04/17/fresh-renderings-transit-station-that-will-serve-lax-and-new-people-mover/">Metro rail connection</a> is just one part of a broad push by Los Angeles World Airports to de-stress the experience of getting in and out of LAX. Six stations will adorn the APM once complete. Three of these stations will serve LAX’s various terminals inside the airport itself. The other three stations will serve a pair of “Intermodal Transportation Facilities,” and a consolidated rental car center. The two ITFs will serve to reduce the amount of congestion inside the airport itself, providing more accessible spots for drop-off, and bus and rail connections. The consolidated rental car center will draw all the various rental-car companies, currently scattered throughout Westchester, under one roof.</p>
<h3 id="aOFwDc"><a href="https://la.curbed.com/regional-connector"><strong>The Downtown Regional Connector</strong></a></h3>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6cr3-45Lemm2gGW491tViFyYZLI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/8994921/RegionalConnectormap.png">
<cite>Courtesy Metro</cite>
</figure>
<p id="IWuM2K">Metro calls the <a href="https://la.curbed.com/regional-connector">Downtown Regional Connector</a> the “missing link” in its rail system. Once complete in 2021, the Regional Connector will connect the Gold Line directly to the Blue and Expo Lines, and add three shiny new train stations to Downtown LA. Right now, train riders traveling from, say, USC to <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/885/pasadena-environs">Pasadena</a> or East Los Angeles, have to deal with a clunky double transfer (Expo to Red to Gold) to get to their destination. The regional connector will eliminate at least one of these transfers by consolidating the current three light-rail lines into just two. One of these will run on an east-west axis, from Santa Monica to East Los Angeles. The other will run on a north-south axis, connecting <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/796/long-beach">Long Beach</a> to <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/913/azusa">Azusa</a>. </p>
<p id="XUPGoh">The trains will run together for five stations through Downtown LA, three of which will be new. Joining the the Pico and Seventh Street/Metro Center stations will be the Little Tokyo/Arts District station at First Street and Central, a station at Second Street and Broadway, and a Bunker Hill station at Second Street and Hope. </p>
<h3 id="e3zd5U"><strong>Bus Rapid Transit on Vermont</strong></h3>
<p id="7e63Ly">By 2028, Metro hopes to have installed a <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/2/6/14523748/vermont-bus-rapit-transit-metro-los-angeles">Bus Rapid Transit line on Vermont Avenue</a>, from Hollywood Boulevard and 120th Street, and right by the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. </p>
<div class="c-float-right"><aside id="Oj8ZrM"><div data-anthem-component="newsletter" data-anthem-component-data='{"slug":"la-curbed"}'></div></aside></div>
<p id="vi9rcw">Bus Rapid Transit consists of buses that operate like trains. They have their own dedicated lanes that cars can’t enter or block, their own stations where people pay fares before boarding, and their own segregated signals. The level of service is comparable to light rail, but without the high cost to build. </p>
<p id="XpNlq5">How this will play out is a little bit more ambiguous. Where the other aforementioned projects have all been thoroughly planned, development of this project is a bit more present tense. It’s worth mentioning, too, that Metro intends to build a similar BRT line connecting the North Hollywood Red Line Station to the Del Mar Gold Line station, in Pasadena. This line, functionally serving as an extension of the Valley’s Orange Line, would offer transit connection to Burbank and Glendale, along its way to Pasadena. </p>
<h3 id="29mNU0"><strong>Van Nuys Boulevard Transportation Corridor</strong></h3>
<p id="zO2ktd">Speaking of <a href="https://la.curbed.com/neighborhood/764/the-valley">the Valley</a>, the Measure M expenditure plan targets the opening of a <a href="https://www.metro.net/projects/east-sfv/">major transportation project along Van Nuys Boulevard</a> sometime between 2027 and 2029. While this project is also in a nascent planning stage, Metro wants to build either a high-capacity bus, tram or light-rail system along Van Nuys Boulevard, from the city of San Fernando to Sherman Oaks. </p>
<p id="JRj5uS">This corridor would also connect to the<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/4/28/15474526/sepulveda-pass-metro-studying-options-rail-subway"> Sepulveda Pass transportation project</a>, an ambitious plan to link eventually the Valley to the Westwood subway station, and eventually to LAX. Metro anticipates the first phase of the Sepulveda Pass project to complete sometime between 2026 and 2028, though it’s important to note that this will likely take the form of a express bus on the 405, at least initially. Phase two of the project, ostensibly a heavy rail train like the Red and Purple lines, is slated for completion in the mid 2030s. </p>
<h3 id="5ymAii"><strong>Other goodies</strong></h3>
<p id="24aWZP">Aside from the big Metro construction projects will come a slew of other infrastructure improvements crucial to keeping Los Angeles moving. Eleven years from now, Los Angeles’s bike share network will have grown to blanket great swaths of the city, in neighborhoods like North Hollywood, Koreatown, and across the Westside. Bike lanes, and other pedestrian improvements a part of the city’s <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/5/18/15660082/vision-zero-walking-biking-budget-bonin">Vision Zero</a> (traffic deaths) campaign, will likewise come along. </p>
<p id="BvLpQi">Metro is also hard at work on improving its enormous network of buses. While this is also more ambiguous at this point, Metro has articulated a <a href="http://thesource.metro.net/2017/05/18/metro-plans-to-reimagine-and-restructure-its-vast-bus-system/">goal to vastly improve bus connectivity and reliability</a> over the next decade, not to mention rolling out <a href="http://thesource.metro.net/2017/07/27/as-metro-pursues-electric-bus-fleet-by-2030-three-bus-contracts-go-to-board-on-thursday/">an all-electric fleet</a>. Though Metro rail gets lots of good press, it’s critical to remember that Metro’s bus fleet carries <a href="http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/Index.aspx">more than twice</a> as many passengers as Metro Rail.</p>
https://la.curbed.com/2017/8/4/16098474/olympics-transit-future-subway-railMatt Tinoco2018-02-09T11:09:00-08:002018-02-09T11:09:00-08:00Mapped: The future sites of LA's 2028 Olympic games
<figure>
<img alt="The opening ceremony would take place at Inglewood's future NFL stadium." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6LUsxDCy6rRiETts6e34KfNvBc0=/900x0:6282x4037/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/58640633/Ceremony.0.jpg" />
<figcaption>The opening ceremony would take place at Inglewood's future NFL stadium. | Courtesy LA 2028</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>All the places where events will be held, from UCLA to the Coliseum</p> <p>The 2028 Olympic Games are ten years away, but Los Angeles is already gearing up to serve as host city for the third time since 1932.</p>
<p>When athletes arrive a decade from now, they'll be able to compete in venues that will already be very familiar to most local residents. Nearly all events will be staged in stadiums and arenas that are already built or will be complete long before the games arrive.</p>
<p>That means it's easy to imagine what the games will look like in 2028, because so many venues are already here. Let's take a closer look at where all the action will take place.</p>
https://la.curbed.com/maps/olympics-map-los-angeles-2028-games-locationsElijah Chiland2018-02-09T08:02:00-08:002018-02-09T08:02:00-08:00Take a look back at LA when the 1984 Olympics came to town
<figure>
<img alt="Opening Ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OdNbia48penHM9VU1jFh2OT2jXo=/205x0:3448x2432/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/58636233/635934643.jpg.1518190401.jpg" />
<figcaption>Performers release hundreds of white balloons in the sky during the opening ceremony. | Photo by David Turnley/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>A lot has changed since then</p> <p id="z4YIXQ">The Olympic Games are <a href="https://www.curbed.com/2018/2/8/16992326/2018-winter-olympics-pyeongchang-news">getting underway</a> in Pyeongchang, and Los Angeles leaders are already looking ahead to 2028, when the city will host its third Summer Games.</p>
<p id="83oo6i">But while local officials dream about the <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/11/30/16715432/transit-projects-accelerate-olympics-garcetti">new transit lines</a> and <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2018/2/8/16992160/los-angeles-olympics-streets-sidewalks">smooth sidewalks</a> that they’ll be able to boast about 10 years from now, let’s take a look back to the last time Los Angeles hosted the games.</p>
<p id="qWvXKS">Only 34 years have passed since 1984, but the city has changed a lot during that time. </p>
<p id="2LEFim">With a population of <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/us/los-angeles-replaces-chicago-as-second-city.html">around 3.02 million</a>, Los Angeles had just overtaken Chicago as the second-largest city in the nation. It had no rail system then (the Blue Line opened six years later), and its tallest building was the First Interstate Tower (aka Aon Center). The 710 freeway was <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/1985-10-24/local/me-12721_1_san-bernardino-freeway">known as State Route 7</a>, and residents of unincorporated West Hollywood were <a href="https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/how-the-town-of-sherman-became-the-city-of-west-hollywood">campaigning</a> to turn the neighborhood into its own city.</p>
<p id="LVAbNj">We’ve rounded up some photos that show what the city looked like when athletes from around the world (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/05/09/soviets-withdraw-from-los-angeles-olympics/027363e6-4d89-4dd9-b0d7-89a05a567f11/?utm_term=.291a7b98b111">minus the USSR</a>) descended upon Los Angeles in July of 1984.</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="OLY LEGACY – 7/28/1984 – Scene at the Coliseum in Los Angeles during opening ceremonies of the Olymp" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MTcwpQNLwjTX359GsonYDtX076Q=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10191995/569162869.jpg.jpg">
<cite>Photo by Ken Hively/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>Opening ceremonies.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Pershing Square, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_OFD3OKCFYx4frziZbwcpK2eZdo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10187897/00084278.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>Pershing Square, seen here before its 1992 redesign, got a <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/1992-09-20/news/ci-2188_1_pershing-square">$1 million makeover</a> to prepare it for the 1984 games.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Downtown LA skyline, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/vBhWQrk6lWK_vLBSTRXjQCRDxRo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10187885/00074349.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>The Downtown LA skyline was much less crowded in 1984, though a construction boom had already begun to transform the area.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Coliseum sculptures" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6Sgqnfu6lFPlY5uEjtKKHEViU_8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10188051/00052525.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>Bronze sculptures by artist Robert Graham are unveiled at the Coliseum.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Olympic torch, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Xho5dgQJPBLTTgAUX_k4mO_zLSo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10188167/00049044.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>O.J. Simpson carries the Olympic torch up the California Incline in Santa Monica.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Olympics parade, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2jSrORYXDqMyqit6siIdxGMt0-Y=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10187965/00029424.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>Mayor Tom Bradley rides a float during an Olympics parade through Downtown LA.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="jetpack 1984 olympics" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nCYwQlJyz4xAcXBtNcnwEXbwkag=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10192377/GettyImages_1237523.jpg">
<cite>Tony Duffy, Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>The wild opening ceremony featured, among other spectacles, <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/02/19/ft.jetpacks/index.html?eref=rss_latest">a man named Bill Suitor</a> flying around with a jetpack (yes, it was a real jetpack).</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Olympic bus, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/GxUPPgtRrGIFXgjotDyZhoSrlZs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10188197/00029900.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>Officials periodically closed off traffic on freeways to allow athletes to pass through—though it may not have been necessary. Congestion was <a href="http://framework.latimes.com/2011/07/17/1984-l-a-olympic-traffic-miracle/">surprisingly light</a> during the games.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Coliseum, 1984 Olympics" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_QabdraBHR8IpzE1UTEFcSAmEwE=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10187985/00053759.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>Flags of the participating countries flying at the Coliseum.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Velodrome, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/t7iM-AtCuwLPcHP4uKVLoaeFcss=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10192529/GettyImages_1237297__1_.jpg">
<cite>Steve Powell, Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>A cycling velodrome was constructed at California State University Dominguez Hills. Today, the StubHub Center—where Los Angeles officials <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/31/16070658/la-2028-olympic-games-paris-2024">announced plans to host the 2028 games</a>—stands on the site.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="pin vendor, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jy8WMKh76fhAB5MiipMM7B81QS4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10187953/00136505.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>A vendor sells collectible pins during the games.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Olympic Budweiser cans, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/JJnu9Ed_bQPYm75KYhJ_FzZvCwk=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10188285/00029872.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>People trade pins in front of giant inflatable beer cans on Figueroa Street.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Man wearing Olympic pins, 1984" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mtF2u71aHggv0EtDwP5jQAnhexQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10188307/00136491.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>If it’s not clear yet, people really got excited about pins in 1984.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Trash, 1984 Olympics" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Chr04t9OfftooKBRS2ZCnAIRm2g=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10188325/00136503.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>Trash piled up on Figueroa Street after the end of the games.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="mural, 1984 games" data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/A_v7HskukDC8UXtDz3Ciq7XqmI8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10188333/00078206.jpg">
<cite>Courtesy Los Angeles Public Library</cite>
<figcaption>Murals were installed around the city in advance of the games, including this one at Tujunga Wash in North Hollywood.</figcaption>
</figure>
<aside id="0A7yGd"><div data-anthem-component="readmore" data-anthem-component-data="{"stories":[{"title":"Mapped: The future sites of LA's 2028 Olympic games","url":"https://la.curbed.com/maps/olympics-map-los-angeles-2028-games-locations"},{"title":"LA Olympics: Los Angeles officially chosen as 2028 host city","url":"https://la.curbed.com/2017/9/13/16302388/la-2028-olympics-ioc-los-angeles-vote-host"},{"title":"2018 Winter Olympics: All news and updates","url":"https://www.curbed.com/2018/2/8/16992326/2018-winter-olympics-pyeongchang-news"}]}"></div></aside>
https://la.curbed.com/2018/2/9/16993228/olympics-los-angeles-1984-photosElijah Chiland2017-09-13T10:49:17-07:002017-09-13T10:49:17-07:00IOC officially names LA as host city for the 2028 Olympic games
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/IEb4SbH8NRyAAfeg2t9ar-2Lsks=/71x0:790x539/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/56659727/Screen_Shot_2017_09_13_at_10.47.03_AM.0.jpg" />
</figure>
<p>A final vote from the IOC will bring the Olympics back to Southern California</p> <p id="Dqu1BW">It’s officially official: Los Angeles will host the 2028 Olympic games.</p>
<p id="mwYzL0">The city has been all but assured to host in either 2024 or 2028 <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/6/9/15767414/la-olympics-2024-2028-ioc-paris">since June</a>, but a unanimous vote Wednesday by the International Olympic Committee cemented <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/31/16070658/la-2028-olympic-games-paris-2024">an agreement</a> reached between Paris and Los Angeles in July, under which Paris will get the 2024 games and LA will host in 2028.</p>
<p id="JMxZ3j">The agreement was made possible after the IOC, in a rare move, decided to award <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/11/15951094/la-olympics-2024-paris-2028-both-games-ioc-award">both the 2024 and 2028 games</a> simultaneously. The last time that happened was in 1921, when Paris again went first, hosting the 1924 games, while Amsterdam took the 1928 games.</p>
<p id="EbUBNq">Mayor Eric Garcetti argued in July that the longer wait would be worth it for Los Angeles. In advance of the games, the organizing committee will provide the city with up to $160 million in funding for youth sports. </p>
<p id="SUiQo1">On top of that, new sponsorship agreements expected to be in place by 2028 will increase the likelihood that the games will turn a profit, according to Garcetti.</p>
<p id="KNGefC">If the games don’t turn out to be profitable, California taxpayers could be on the hook for cost overruns. A <a href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB132">bill</a> now making its way through the state legislature would commit up to $270 million to the organizing committee if the games go over budget.</p>
<p id="oJsYt7">Though leaders of the city’s bid have argued that LA’s <a href="https://la.curbed.com/maps/olympics-map-los-angeles-2024-bid">low-key plan</a> for the games—which <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/9/21/13005452/olympics-los-angeles-2024-bid-sustainable">doesn’t require construction</a> of any permanent venues—will ensure the games are a financial success, critics of the games <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/6/9/15772478/la-no-olympics-why-should-not-host">have argued</a> that more careful review is necessary, and that hosting could lead to displacement of longtime residents.</p>
<p id="xMAWZL"><a href="https://www.nolympicsla.com/">NOlympics LA</a>, a coalition of groups opposed to the games, has already <a href="https://www.change.org/p/mayor-eric-garcetti-allow-angelenos-to-vote-on-the-olympics">launched an online petition</a> calling for a citywide vote on whether to accept hosting responsibilities. </p>
<p id="euw4Qh">“Despite the fact that the IOC has awarded LA the bid to host the 2028 Summer Olympics, the fight isn’t over,” said the group in a statement.</p>
<p id="nm5Kb7">In anticipation of the IOC’s decision, sites around LA <a href="http://www.nbclosangeles.com/on-air/as-seen-on/Los-Angeles-Landmarks-Illuminate-Supporting-2028-Olympics_Los-Angeles-444108603.html">were illuminated Tuesday</a>, including the Olympic cauldron at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, where opening ceremonies were held for both the 1932 and 1984 games.</p>
<ul>
<li id="qSqpIp">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/31/16070658/la-2028-olympic-games-paris-2024">LA agrees to host 2028 Olympic games</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
<li id="x0LWjM">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/8/4/16098474/olympics-transit-future-subway-rail">The most anticipated transit projects opening in time for the 2028 LA Olympics</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
<li id="Kj8LkU">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/8/11/16131414/2028-olympics-los-angeles-2024-paris-city-council">Los Angeles City Council approves plan for 2028 Olympics</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
</ul>
https://la.curbed.com/2017/9/13/16302388/la-2028-olympics-ioc-los-angeles-vote-hostElijah Chiland2017-08-06T15:17:03-07:002017-08-06T15:17:03-07:00Long Beach pier may need to be rebuilt for 2028 Olympics
<figure>
<img alt="People walk and fish on the pier at sunset" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DsQZg8TGufuBlMf1bpcNFRp7yB8=/211x0:3590x2534/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/56077599/shutterstock_261477176.0.jpg" />
<figcaption>The Belmont Veterans Memorial Pier opened in 1967 and is now in need of significant repairs. | Shutterstock</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Built in 1967, it’s now “in massive need of repair”</p> <p id="a1fKYo">An aging pier in Long Beach could be in line for replacement now that the Olympics are nearly certain to return to the Los Angeles area in 2028.</p>
<p id="3pWIaX">Leaders of LA’s bid for the 2024 games <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/31/16070658/la-2028-olympic-games-paris-2024">agreed to a deal</a> with the International Olympic Committee last week allowing Paris to host in 2024, but effectively guaranteeing LA will host four years after that. A major theme of the city’s bid for the games—and a reason bid leaders felt confident delaying hosting responsibilities—was the urban area’s <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/9/21/13005452/olympics-los-angeles-2024-bid-sustainable">existing infrastructure</a>.</p>
<p id="p4paRk">But Long Beach Mayor Robert Garcia <a href="http://www.presstelegram.com/events/20170805/long-beach-eyes-replacing-belmont-pier-for-olympic-sailing-events">tells the <em>Long Beach Press Telegram</em></a><em> </em>that at least one site penciled in for <a href="https://la.curbed.com/maps/olympics-map-los-angeles-2024-bid">use during the games</a> will need to be significantly repaired—or even replaced—before 2028.</p>
<p id="5s9ia6">The <a href="http://www.belmontpier.com/home/">Belmont Veterans Memorial Pier</a>, planned as a viewing area for sailing competition during the games, is “in massive need of repair,” according to Garcia. </p>
<p id="Y25k0a">Assistant City Manager Tom Modica tells the <em>Press Telegram </em>it will likely be just as expensive to repair the 50-year-old pier as it will be to replace it—between $25 million and $35 million.</p>
<p id="zFp9UN">Built in 1967, the 1,620-foot-long concrete pier was actually constructed as a replacement for the former Grand Avenue Pier, which had served the city prior to that.</p>
<p id="3ODywJ">In addition to sailing, Long Beach is also <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/4/30/15494846/los-angeles-olympics-2024-long-beach-sports-park">set to host</a> competition in water polo, marathon swimming, and the triathlon during the games. </p>
<p id="YY015y">The city’s waterfront, which was the site of sailing competition when Los Angeles last hosted the games in 1984, is one of four areas where bid leaders plan to concentrate most events. The others are in Downtown LA, Carson, and the Sepulveda Basin Recreation Area.</p>
<ul>
<li id="gBkDTX">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/31/16070658/la-2028-olympic-games-paris-2024">LA agrees to host 2028 Olympic games</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
<li id="hYzwfA">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/maps/olympics-map-los-angeles-2024-bid">Mapped: the sites of LA's Olympic bid</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
<li id="cZ5XZu">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/4/30/15494846/los-angeles-olympics-2024-long-beach-sports-park">Long Beach Olympic venues detailed in new renderings</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
</ul>
https://la.curbed.com/2017/8/6/16104666/2028-olympics-la-long-beach-pier-cost-repair-replaceElijah Chiland2017-07-31T18:42:57-07:002017-07-31T18:42:57-07:00LA agrees to host 2028 Olympic games
<figure>
<img alt="Fireworks at Inglewood Stadium and Coliseum" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6THgZ65kClgsNKTMk-zKshOCJUM=/908x0:6292x4038/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/55980061/Ceremony.0.jpg" />
<figcaption>Opening ceremonies for the games are planned at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the under-construction LA Rams stadium in Inglewood. | Courtesy LA 2024</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Paris will host in 2024</p> <p id="uOx0rg"><em>Editor's Note: This post was originally published on July 31, 2017 and has been updated with the most recent information.</em></p>
<p id="pynpcX">Los Angeles’s pursuit of the 2024 Olympics has ended, but the city is all but assured to host the games four years later. Los Angeles bid leaders announced Monday that they have reached an agreement with the International Olympic Committee paving the way for Paris to host in 2024, while LA will get the games in 2028.</p>
<p id="7ufitQ">"We will host the games here in the City of Angels again," Mayor Eric Garcetti proclaimed at a press conference held (somewhat ironically) at the Stubhub Center in Carson.</p>
<p id="BkS3Nk">The agreement follows a <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/11/15951094/la-olympics-2024-paris-2028-both-games-ioc-award">rare decision</a> by the IOC earlier this month to award the 2024 and 2028 games simultaneously, allowing both Paris and Los Angeles (the <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/2/22/14703952/la-olympics-2024-budapest-paris">last remaining bidders</a> for the 2024 games) to host.</p>
<p id="kghjge">That decision, however, depended on one city agreeing to wait an additional four years for the chance to host the games. Now, Los Angeles bid leaders have accepted a host city contract for the 2028 games.</p>
<p id="Bdkl0z">As part of that contract, the IOC will advance funds to an organizing committee in order to compensate for the “longer planning period” and to “increase participation and access to youth sports programs” around Los Angeles, according to a statement from LA’s bid committee. </p>
<p id="aJNPLv">The total IOC contribution to the city under the new contract will be around $1.8 billion, but bid leaders are confident the number will exceed $2 billion once existing sponsorship deals are renewed.</p>
<p id="lBnQDq">Previously, Garcetti and LA’s bid leader, Casey Wasserman, had hinted that the city would be willing to accept the 2028 games, while leaders of Paris’s bid <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/video/2017/mar/22/2024-only-chance-for-paris-olympics-says-bid-chairman-video">appeared more reluctant</a> to do so.</p>
<p id="SiNKBs">At the press conference, Garcetti maintained that the new agreement was beneficial enough for LA that he would take the games in 2028 even if Paris were cut out of the equation.</p>
<p id="SVFNV0">Sometimes, he said, "the best indicator of success is delayed gratification."</p>
<p id="rhouwq">Los Angeles has hosted the Olympics twice before—in 1932 and 1984. Paris has not hosted the games since 1924.</p>
<p id="eh5EbJ">In September, the IOC will meet in Lima to finalize this agreement and officially award the 2024 and 2028 games.</p>
<p id="JofIDd">In the meantime, LA City Council President Herb Wesson says that the council's committee on the Olympics will meet Friday to discuss the new agreement, with the full council considering the matter as soon as the following week.</p>
<ul>
<li id="mBcfEO">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/11/15951094/la-olympics-2024-paris-2028-both-games-ioc-award">Olympics heading to LA after IOC votes to award 2024 and 2028 games simultaneously</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
<li id="qYZGaY">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/12/15960226/la-olympics-next-steps-paris-2024-2028">LA Olympics: Either LA or Paris has to agree to 2028—or risk losing the chance to host</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
<li id="ghz5Jm">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/6/9/15767414/la-olympics-2024-2028-ioc-paris">IOC board recommends plan that would bring the Olympics to Los Angeles</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
</ul>
<p id="s3iIZr"></p>
https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/31/16070658/la-2028-olympic-games-paris-2024Elijah Chiland2017-07-12T13:00:06-07:002017-07-12T13:00:06-07:00LA Olympics: Either LA or Paris has to agree to 2028—or risk losing the chance to host
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/r4WPGBjiDrT9KjFE1Nd9khRXU24=/222x0:3778x2667/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/48740115/curbed_placeholder.54.0.jpg" />
</figure>
<p>There are a few steps left to bring the games back to Los Angeles</p> <p id="qHFIsW">A vote from the International Olympic Committee yesterday to <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/11/15951094/la-olympics-2024-paris-2028-both-games-ioc-award">award the 2024 and 2028 games simultaneously</a> effectively assured that both Paris and Los Angeles will host the games. </p>
<p id="u6vo1I">But officials still have to figure out when exactly each city will host. </p>
<p id="BpJLjf">How will that play out? </p>
<p id="ILRokA">Moving forward, IOC executives will negotiate with bid leaders from both Paris and Los Angeles. A deal must be reached by September, when the IOC meets in Lima, Peru to officially award the games.</p>
<p id="1Uusz7">If a deal is not reached by then, the committee will vote on the 2024 games only, so one city needs to agree to wait an additional four years—or risk losing out on a chance to host.</p>
<p id="oyMAeS">Leaders from both bids have expressed willingness to host in 2028, but Los Angeles <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/5/31/15719906/la-olympics-2024-paris-2028-los-angeles-games-ioc">has been a bit more open to the idea</a>. </p>
<p id="kaTjtL">At a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQh5UJO8E00">press conference</a> Tuesday in Switzerland, Mayor Eric Garcetti said LA bid leaders would need to "look at our options" before committing to one year or the other. But he did note that sponsorship deals for the games tend to rise faster than inflation, potentially making the 2028 games more lucrative.</p>
<p id="51f4Vc">If LA's bid leaders do agree to pursue the 2028 games, they'll still need to sell that plan to the people of Los Angeles—elected officials in particular.</p>
<p id="IVjfuq">Within hours of the IOC vote Tuesday, Garcetti said that he had already spoken to City Council President Herb Wesson and that Wesson was "excited" about the committee's decision.</p>
<p id="f1VQxh">Polls <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/2/24/11103188/los-angeles-poll-olympics-support">commissioned by LA 2024</a>, LA's bid committee, and <a href="http://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/la-sp-ioc-poll-la2024-story.html">by the IOC</a> suggest that support for the games is strong in Los Angeles, but a growing coalition of activist groups<strong> </strong><a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/6/9/15772478/la-no-olympics-why-should-not-host">argues the games could hurt the city</a> and displace longtime residents. </p>
<p id="lezM8E">A representative of the group, called <a href="https://www.nolympicsla.com">NOlympics LA</a>, tells Curbed that its members are considering a referendum on the games that would allow LA residents to weigh in on the issue.</p>
<p id="ySiwph">Whether in 2024 or 2028, Los Angeles would also need to ensure it has the infrastructure in place for a successful games. The city's bid primarily relies on <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/3/23/15043310/los-angeles-2024-olympics-bid-financial-risk-cost">facilities that already exist or are under construction</a>, but a total of 12 temporary venues would need to be constructed and local leaders will need to ensure key infrastructure projects proceed according to schedule.</p>
<p id="FQMe5H">Any <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/5/15924312/lax-lawsuit-parking-spot-people-mover">potential delays</a> in the arrival of a new <a href="https://la.curbed.com/2016/2/8/10940632/take-a-look-at-the-future-of-transportation-at-lax">pickup/dropoff system at LAX</a>, for instance, could be catastrophic for the city's ability to ferry athletes, dignitaries, and tourists in and out of the city in an efficient manner.</p>
<p id="sNtEYI">Still, Garcetti expressed confidence that the city's ability to deliver a successful games is not time sensitive. "We could do it almost tomorrow," he said. "We could do it ... 50 years from now."</p>
<ul>
<li id="OXW0za">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/11/15951094/la-olympics-2024-paris-2028-both-games-ioc-award">Olympics heading to Los Angeles after IOC votes to award 2024 and 2028 games simultaneously</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
<li id="5koHSG">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/6/9/15772478/la-no-olympics-why-should-not-host">Q&A: Should LA think twice about hosting the Olympics?</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
<li id="5i4lf7">
<a href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/5/31/15719906/la-olympics-2024-paris-2028-los-angeles-games-ioc">LA may host the Olympics in 2028—not 2024</a> [Curbed LA]</li>
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https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/12/15960226/la-olympics-next-steps-paris-2024-2028Elijah Chiland